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Standard k-epsilon model

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Turbulence modeling
Turbulence
RANS-based turbulence models
  1. Linear eddy viscosity models
    1. Algebraic models
      1. Cebeci-Smith model
      2. Baldwin-Lomax model
      3. Johnson-King model
      4. A roughness-dependent model
    2. One equation models
      1. Prandtl's one-equation model
      2. Baldwin-Barth model
      3. Spalart-Allmaras model
    3. Two equation models
      1. k-epsilon models
        1. Standard k-epsilon model
        2. Realisable k-epsilon model
        3. RNG k-epsilon model
        4. Near-wall treatment
      2. k-omega models
        1. Wilcox's k-omega model
        2. Wilcox's modified k-omega model
        3. SST k-omega model
        4. Near-wall treatment
      3. Realisability issues
        1. Kato-Launder modification
        2. Durbin's realizability constraint
        3. Yap correction
        4. Realisability and Schwarz' inequality
  2. Nonlinear eddy viscosity models
    1. Explicit nonlinear constitutive relation
      1. Cubic k-epsilon
      2. EARSM
    2. v2-f models
      1. \overline{\upsilon^2}-f model
      2. \zeta-f model
  3. Reynolds stress model (RSM)
Large eddy simulation (LES)
  1. Smagorinsky-Lilly model
  2. Dynamic subgrid-scale model
  3. RNG-LES model
  4. Wall-adapting local eddy-viscosity (WALE) model
  5. Kinetic energy subgrid-scale model
  6. Near-wall treatment for LES models
Detached eddy simulation (DES)
Direct numerical simulation (DNS)
Turbulence near-wall modeling
Turbulence free-stream boundary conditions
  1. Turbulence intensity
  2. Turbulence length scale

Contents

Transport equations for standard k-epsilon model

For turbulent kinetic energy k

\frac{\partial}{\partial t} (\rho k) + \frac{\partial}{\partial x_i} (\rho k u_i) = \frac{\partial}{\partial x_j} \left[ \left(\mu + \frac{\mu_t}{\sigma_k} \right) \frac{\partial k}{\partial x_j}\right] + P_k + P_b - \rho \epsilon - Y_M + S_k


For dissipation \epsilon

\frac{\partial}{\partial t} (\rho \epsilon) + \frac{\partial}{\partial x_i} (\rho \epsilon u_i) = \frac{\partial}{\partial x_j} \left[\left(\mu + \frac{\mu_t}{\sigma_{\epsilon}} \right) \frac{\partial \epsilon}{\partial x_j} \right] + C_{1 \epsilon}\frac{\epsilon}{k} \left( P_k + C_{3 \epsilon} P_b \right) - C_{2 \epsilon} \rho \frac{\epsilon^2}{k} + S_{\epsilon}

Modeling turbulent viscosity

Turbulent viscosity is modelled as:

\mu_t = \rho C_{\mu} \frac{k^2}{\epsilon}

Production of k

P_k = - \rho \overline{u'_i u'_j} \frac{\partial u_j}{\partial x_i}


P_k = \mu_t S^2

Where S is the modulus of the mean rate-of-strain tensor, defined as :

S \equiv \sqrt{2S_{ij} S_{ij}}

Effect of buoyancy

P_b = \beta g_i \frac{\mu_t}{{\rm Pr}_t} \frac{\partial T}{\partial x_i}



where Prt is the turbulent Prandtl number for energy and gi is the component of the gravitational vector in the ith direction. For the standard and realizable - models, the default value of Prt is 0.85.

The coefficient of thermal expansion, \beta , is defined as

\beta = - \frac{1}{\rho} \left(\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial T}\right)_p

Model constants

C_{1 \epsilon} = 1.44, \;\;\; C_{2 \epsilon} = 1.92,\;\; \; C_{\mu} = 0.09, \;\;\; \sigma_k = 1.0, \;\;\; \sigma_{\epsilon} = 1.3


Note: C_{3 \epsilon} depends on the literature being followed and is meant to be used only with the P_b term. Possible values, depending on literature reference:

Reference Constant Comments
unknown C_{3 \epsilon} = -0.33 Note to OpenFOAM users: do not confuse this constant with the one used in their implementations of the k-epsilon turbulence models. Their implementation is different.


References

See section References in the parent page K-epsilon models.

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